GRACE gravity field modeling with an investigation on correlation between nuisance parameters and gravity field coefficients

The GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) monthly gravity models have been independently produced and published by several research institutions, such as Center for Space Research (CSR), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems (DEOS). According to their processing standards, above institutions use the traditional variational approach except that the DEOS exploits the acceleration approach. The background force models employed are rather similar. The produced gravity field models generally agree with one another in the spatial pattern. However, there are some discrepancies in the gravity signal amplitude between solutions produced by different institutions. In particular, 10%–30% signal amplitude differences in some river basins can be observed. In this paper, we implemented a variant of the traditional variational approach and computed two sets of monthly gravity field solutions using the data from January 2005 to December 2006. The input data are K-band range-rates (KBRR) and kinematic orbits of GRACE satellites. The main difference in the production of our two types of models is how to deal with nuisance parameters. This type of parameters is necessary to absorb low-frequency errors in the data, which are mainly the aliasing and instrument errors. One way is to remove the nuisance parameters before estimating the geopotential coefficients, called NPARB approach in the paper. The other way is to estimate the nuisance parameters and geopotential coefficients simultaneously, called NPESS approach. These two types of solutions mainly differ in geopotential coefficients from degree 2 to 5. This can be explained by the fact that the nuisance parameters and the gravity field coefficients are highly correlated, particularly at low degrees. We compare these solutions with the official and published ones by means of spectral analysis. It is found that our solutions are, in general, consistent with others in the spatial pattern. The water storage variations of the Amazon, Chari and Ganges river basins have also been computed. The variations computed with the NPARB approach are closer to those produced by JPL and DEOS solutions, while the variations produced with the NPESS approach are in good agreement with those produced by the CSR and GFZ solutions. A simulation study is implemented with considering realistic noise and low-frequency error. The two approaches are used to recover the true model. The NPESS solution appears closer to the true one. Therefore we are inclined to estimate the nuisance parameters simultaneously with the geopential coefficients.     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

Effects of sintering temperature and time on defect evolution and compression properties of Ti-Al3Ti laminated composites

For metal-intermetallic laminated composites, various types of defects often occur during the preparation process. This paper studied the evolution and formation mechanism of defects,such as pores, tunnel cracks, and delamination cracks in Ti-Al₃Ti laminated composites prepared by vacuum hot-pressing method. Moreover, quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were performed to study the effects of pores and delamination cracks on the compression properties of the composites. The resu...     

多加速度计振动分离惯性补偿测力技术

为解决在高超声速脉冲风洞中进行大长细比等特殊模型测力实验所面临的惯性补偿问题,笔者提出了多加速度计振动分离惯性补偿方法。这一方法应用在长细比达20 :1 的模型气动力实验中,得到了较为理想的实验结果     

扭力平衡机设计的探讨

本文以ＷＭ－８０／φ２７３毫米火箭炮的扭力平衡机为背景，讨论了扭力平衡机的基本原理及其设计的一般情况。通过对Ｍｐ，Ｍｑ０和Ｍｑ等参数的确定，分析，为同类型产品的设计计算提供了理论指导。     

弹道靶中超高速发射弹的流场及空气动力特性研究(英)

本文描述的是研究爆炸成型发射弹（ＥＦＰ）模型的流场及超高速空气动力特性所用的弹道试验设备；简要报导了记录全尺寸干涉图形的技术；对径向密度分布再现的方法进行了讨论；在零攻角实验时不同模型的空气动力阻力是采用简化方法来计算的；对各种不同ＥＦＰ型式的气动稳定性提出了定性估计的方法；并阐述了用于组合体超高速飞行特性研究的数值计算技术的基本原理     

基于图剖分的多块结构网格负载平衡方法

负载平衡是影响并行计算性能的重要因素。针对多块结构网格,给出了一种改进的多层次图剖分负载平衡方法。该方法设计了新的网格剖分算法,采用改进的子块分裂方法与图剖分算法的循环调用实现结构对接网格剖分,并通过建立不同物体重叠网格间的连接关系,实现了结构重叠网格的负载平衡。采用2个典型算例对方法进行了对比验证,数值结果表明,子块分裂方法对剖分结果具有重要影响,采用循环调用算法及改进的子块分裂方法能有效地实现计算负载均衡及通信量优化,同时显著减少了网格块数及因虚网格导致的内存需求,有利于提高并行效率。该负载平衡方法与网格拓扑无关,适用于多块结构对接网格及重叠网格,且整体型剖分方式对于多块结构重叠网格具有更好的剖分效果。     

翼型测力天平的研制

为研究翼型结冰状态下的载荷变化规律，对翼型进行测力实验。研制一台三分量翼型测力天平。天平设计的突出难点为设计载荷极不匹配，阻力测量载荷很小。设计时，针对翼型载荷的特点，采用片梁组合方式测量阻力，四柱梁测量法向力及俯仰力矩，并采用有限元方法对结构进行了验证计算。主要介绍天平的设计、校准及应用情况。     

高超声速风洞多天平测力试验技术研究

在同一次试验中通过安装多台天平测量多个部件气动力,可以更加详细地了解飞行器的气动特性,并可以降低试验成本、提高试验效率。多天平测力技术在亚跨超声速风洞中应用已经非常成熟。但是,在高超声速风洞中,由于模型尺寸小、来流温度高,多天平的布局比较困难,所以目前国内在高超声速风洞中进行的多天平测力试验相对较少。为满足型号研制的需要,在 CARDC 超高速所的Φ1m 高超声速风洞上开展了多天平测力试验技术研究。选取某飞行器的3个控制舵为研究对象。针对试验模型径向尺寸小,而轴向尺寸相对较大的特点,确定采用铰链力矩天平轴线与测量舵转轴互相垂直的“纵轴式”布局方式;采用合理的小型化六分量天平结构形式,升降舵天平测量元件的长、宽、高尺寸为20mm×20mm×25mm;为更加真实地模拟天平的工作状态,设计了专用的加载头,并采用单元加载和组合加载相结合的方法进行校准,校准结果表明,天平主要分量的静校准度均在0．7％以内;在采取温度补偿措施之后,零点漂移明显减小;采用了天平-舵偏角变换装置一体化设计,有效提高了定位和安装精度。在Φ1m 高超声速风洞上开展的 Ma＝5条件下的风洞试验结果表明,采用的多天平测力试验技术是可行的,可以应用到高超声速风洞测力试验中。     

基于推阻平衡的喷管型面截短方法研究及试验验证

出于减小喷管壁面摩擦损失的考虑以及发动机的整体布局的受制,传统推力喷管设计方法得到的理想喷管通常需要进行适当截短。合理的截短方法有助于保持喷管性能,因此,通过壁面单元受力分析并考虑单元体内的推力与阻力关系,提出了一种推阻平衡的喷管截短设计方法。使用上述方法对一个三次曲线型面的三维原始完全膨胀喷管进行截短,使喷管长度减小25%,重量减小34%。通过风洞试验与数值模拟结果对比发现,截短后的喷管推力系数提高1.5%,升力也得到有效提高,验证了此种截短方法的正确性。截短后喷管处于欠膨胀状态,与理论分析得到的最大静推力状态结果相符。